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ABSTRACT

The research work carried out  was Job satisfaction among academic librarians in academic libraries  in Niger  State.  The general objective of the study is to  find  out  the  level of job satisfaction found among the academic librarians in academic libraries in Niger state. The survey research design was used to conduct the study. The population of the study was the 58 academic librarians  in  Niger  state.  Due to  the  small  number  of the  librarians  involved  no  sampling technique was adopted, therefore all the academic librarians were used for the study. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and the data was analyzed using mean. The results from the findings showed that there is commendable level of job satisfaction among the librarians; the librarians do not resort to lateness to work, abandoning duty, and loss of morale when they are not satisfied with their job, friendly subordinates and positive working environment are some of the factors responsible for job satisfaction. Lack of opportunities for socialization and promotion, lack of managerial skills by the administrators and bad library tools are some of the problems associated with job satisfaction, and annual leave, medical coverage, friendly and competent subordinates are some of the strategies for encouraging and enhancing job satisfaction. It is recommended that the librarians in these academic libraries should be encouraged through sponsorship to attend workshops and seminars. The researcher also recommended that annual leave and medical coverage should be made a regular benefit for the librarians; it was also  recommended that  academic librarians should  be encouraged through sponsorship to attend conferences, workshops and seminars as these will enable them acquire more knowledge and competence.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Academic  libraries refer  to  all the  libraries  that  exist  in  institutions of higher  learning ranging from universities, polytechnics, colleges of Education, and any other form of tertiary institution. Their major aim is to provide the curricular educational needs of the students and the entire  academic  community,  example,  supporting  the  teaching  staff  in  the  up  –  to  –  date materials  required  for  their  teaching  jobs.  Since  the  Nigerian  independence  in  1960,  the academic libraries have not been accorded the position they deserve, owing partly to the disruption of political leadership, poor economic situation, and nonchalant attitude of the parent institutions. Moreover, the librarians who have managed the libraries have not been so concerned about how their libraries should look like in terms of architectural designs and resources improvement (Ekere, 2006). According to him, the site of a library should permit sufficient space for ornamental trees, a good drainage system, elaborate parking lot, toilets, and lots more. In the context of this study, it is important to consider the welfare/ happiness of the librarians while planning, for the academic library environment putting into account, the furnishing of their offices, good toilets and so on.

One of the biggest factors that is affecting the environment of academic libraries today is the in ability of the government to contract the establishment of library architecture/buildings to the professionals (Librarians) hence “out of annoyance, the librarians usually abandon such contractors and never bothered about what is happening. Since the librarians are not mentioned in the statutes in the establishment of libraries, they do not form part of the decision making body in the ministry of education. They usually feel disillusioned to contribute to the design of the library buildings even when they have ideas on better things to do (Ekere, 2006).

In a text, Ode and Omokaro (2007), academic libraries are those libraries established, owned and funded by university which they are part. Thus, they are often referred to as academic libraries. As integral part of the institutions which they serve, they design their collections and services to meet the instructional program of the particular institution. Academic libraries are recent phenomenon in Africa as a whole (Ode and Omokaro, 2007). In Nigeria, the first academic libraries came in to being with the founding of the University of Ibadan in 1948. Many however, sprang up as from 1960 with the establishment of more universities.

The primary objective of an academic library is to offer those who  may be said to constitute its primary clientele (the faculty, students and academic staff of the institution), the academic and research services in support of the programs of the university of which it is part (Ode and Omokaro, 2007). The objectives of academic libraries as out lined   by Ifidon (1985) are as follows:

      To supply books, periodicals and other materials needed by students and staff in all the subjects of study which the institution offers to the required levels. This sets the framework within which the academic rather than a public  library has to  justify  its presence and be related to students needs and be related to research in the courses which the institution offers.

      To provide support for the teaching and research of the members of the staff in the same subject, with regards to facilities available in other libraries. It is proper that staff should have support for work and research in subjects taught in the institution. With the tremendous developments taking place in a new scheme and methods, it is vital that academics should see research work as always relevant and beneficial to the local and international needs.

      To provide for a wide range of background reading of books and periodicals both in subjects  close  to  those of the  curriculum and  in  more  general  cultural  fields.  Each

librarian will assess needs variously here. The library should provide materials to support the various programs offered by the institution.

      To help students to become familiar with the library stock. The ability of many students to use the academic library in an adequate and efficient way should be the concern of many academic libraries.

      To  help with the day – to  – day needs of the users by supplying them with ready reference information and special materials about the locality where the institution is located.

      To act as a link with world of books and library outside its own institution being ready to draw up the special resources of many other institutions and to make its own contribution to the various co – operative schemes.

      To provide guides, lists of additions, current awareness services, reading lists and other publications, and to hold displays and exhibitions of library materials inside and outside the library in order to reinforce the teaching of staff and illustrate the libraries resources. The following are the major functions of academic libraries:

1.   Conservation of knowledge and ideas: Every academic library is supposed to conserve knowledge and ideas by acquisition of materials written by different authors throughout the world. These materials could be books, journals, and non book materials which have relevant  information  to  satisfy the  information  needs  of the  students  and  the  entire academic community. It is when the librarians are not satisfied that most of them will start exhibiting the I don’t care attitude which affects most importantly the shelf reading.

2.   To fulfill both the needs of the instructional program of the parent institution and the research needs of the students, faculty staff members and people outside the academic community through the collection and acquisition of knowledge in all formats.

3.   To organize knowledge for easy storage and retrieval – the technical process which include ordering, receiving, accessioning, cataloguing, classification and preparing materials  have  always  been  the  primary  services  performed  by  academic  libraries. Though patrons are not aware of these essential services hence it is referred to as “behind the scene services” Ode and Omokaro, (2007).

4.   Making  resources  available  to  users  and  preserving  knowledge  for  posterity.  In supporting the instructional and research needs of their students and faculties, the academic libraries provide maximum access to collections.

5.   Publication: an academic library is expected to publish occasionally, some important works done by their staff or even those outside. In addition, academic library staff can give  technical  assistance  to  academic  staff outside  the  libraries  who  might  want  to publish bibliographies, indexes and abstracts and does not know how to do it.

Academic librarians are the people or persons in charge of the academic library, library workers trained in the field of library science or librarianship with at least first degree, they are the people to whom the collection, preservation, use and transmission of information and knowledge are entrusted, (Obodoeze 2001). Apart from the above note, academic librarians are faces with other duties like, ensuring the development of a balance collection, oversees services to the library clientele, administers staff, prepares library budget, plans new library building or maintenance of an old one., prepares annual report, co ordinates library development programs. The  librarians  after  carrying  out  the  above  functions  ought  to  be  motivated.  To  achieve maximum input to the library services.   Ekere (2006) suggested the following  motivational points:

(i)  Good remuneration

(ii) Physical conditions (improved environment) (iii)Hours of service (by the library system)

(iv)Hours of work (by individual staff)

(v) Leaves of absence (vacation and sick leave) (vi)Promotion and tenure

(vii)  Retirement benefits

(viii) Dismissal of unworthy/ incompetent staff.

From the fore going, it is obvious that if the librarians are not motivated appropriately, they would not be satisfied with their jobs and the consequences could result to not coming to work early, irregular shelf reading, I don’t care attitudes by the academic librarians and more. These would not be felt by the students alone but also by the lecturers and the entire academic community because the library is the brain of every institution and the librarians are the driving forces.

A job according to the Learners Oxford Dictionary is a particular task or piece of work that you have to do; work for which you receive regular payment. A job is anything that one does to earn a living. One can therefore say that a good job is any work that one does and gets satisfaction. Satisfaction on the other hand is the good feeling that you have when you have achieved something or when something you wanted to happen does happen. Job satisfaction has been defined as the pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s   job, an affective reaction to one’s job and attitude towards ones job (Weiss, 2002). It is the feelings that people have about their jobs. Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job; the happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. (Weiss

2002) also noted that job satisfaction is an attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects of cognitive evaluation which are the affects, beliefs and behaviors. This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our job by taking into account our feelings, our beliefs and our behaviors. Moods and emotions while working are raw materials which cumulate to form the affective element of job satisfaction, (Weiss & Cropanzo 1996). There are

some evidence in the literature which suggest that moods are related to overall job satisfaction. Positive and negative emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction. For decades, researchers have been concerned with the job satisfaction – job performance relationship; the implicit assumption guiding this research has been that, a happy worker is a productive worker. Based on this assertion, job satisfaction can therefore result from a job that meets or promises to meet one’s needs. In view of that, Ugbene (1990) noted that a Librarian will not be motivated to do his work if he feels that his needs are not met in the library. Failure to satisfy their needs will lead to frustration which will eventually affect the productivity and or performance of the librarians, and this in turn could affect both the students, staff and the entire academic community. This research work will go a long way in bringing out the relationship  job  satisfaction  and  some  known  job  dimensions  such  as  pay,  promotion, supervision, contingent rewards, benefits, communication, the work itself, the operational procedure in the work place and interpersonal relationship.

People approach their jobs with two different expectations, viz: expectation with respect to the job content and expectation with respect to the job context. Expectations with regards to the job content  include the nature of the work, recognition, achievement, responsibility and growth in the skill and these are called Intrinsic”. The expectations as regards job context which include the working condition, salary, security and coworkers’ relationship are known as “Extrinsic” factor, Abdulrahman, (2007). It is the Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors of the job that causes satisfied or dissatisfied feeling about the job. This is true because the attainment of the aspiration and expectations about the job produce feeling of satisfaction while frustration or lack of the attainment of aspirations about the job causes dissatisfaction. Another important aspect of job satisfaction that should not be looked down is communication which boils down to superior- subordinate relationship in a broader term. This is an important influence on job satisfaction in the  work  place,  the  way  in  which  the  subordinates  perceive  a  supervisor’s  behavior  can

positively or  negatively  influence  job satisfaction.  Communication  behaviors  such  as  facial expression,  eye  contacts,  vocal expression  and  body  movement  is  crucial  to  the  superior- subordinate relationship. Non verbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression, action, deception, attraction, social influence and emotional expression. Individuals who dislikes and thinks negatively of their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work, where as individuals who likes and thinks positively of their supervisors are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their jobs and work environment Burgoon, Buller and Woodall (1996).

Niger state is located in the North Central Zone of Nigeria. It was created in 1976 under the military leadership of General Yakubu Gowon. Upon the creation of Niger State, indigenes of Niger State relocated to Minna with Hon. Justice Idris Legbo Kutigi serving as both the Attorney General and Solicitor General of Niger State while Mr. Jibrin Ndajiwo served as state counsel grade II and Mr. Nuhu A. Kuso served as pupil state counsel.

Federal University of Technology Minna, established in 1983, Federal University of Technology is a Federal Government  owned University located at  Minna in Niger State of Nigeria. Considered as one of the specialized university of Technology, the Federal University of Technology was established with a prime objective of fulfilling the demand of the nation in sectors like Science, Engineering and Technology. The Federal University of Technology is located on a huge campus at Minna and now runs 2 campuses, Gidan kwano housing the main campus all in Minna in the state of Niger in Nigeria. The university offers comfortable infrastructural facilities for students which include accommodation, library, study and research facilities and other recreational and sports facilities.

The Federal Polytechnic Bida, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida was established by law. It was founded in response to the recognition by the Federal Government that Nigeria is in dire need of Technical and Technological resources, and the empowerment of the citizens to meet the

demands  of the  age.  The  institution  believes  in  and  is  firmly  committed  to  a  functioning philosophy of education. In consonance with the National Policy on Education, the Polytechnic has clearly stipulated objective, the development and training of manpower is the first. There is research for the developing  and adapting of appropriate techniques to  problem solving  and thirdly service to the immediate as well as larger society. The edict formally establishing the Federal Polytechnic, Bida is Decree No.33 of 1979 (now the Federal Polytechnic Act of 1990, including Decree No 47 of 1989, No 5 of 1993 and other  legal documents. Originally the institution was known as the Federal College of Technology, Kano. She was instituted on March

1, 1977.

Following the Federal Government’s decision to transfer the College, she finally moved to Bida on July 27, 1977. The College before 1979 was known as the Bida College of Technology. She was temporarily accommodated at the Government Technical School, Eyagi and later on moved to temporary facilities along Mokwa Road, Bida.

The Polytechnic’s first set of students admitted early in 1978 for the 1977/1978 session graduated     at     the     Higher     National     Diploma     (HND)     level     in     August     1981

Niger  State Polytechnic was established  by Edict  No  9 of 1991  to  meet  the technological manpower needs of Niger State and Nigeria in General.

Prior to its conversion into Niger State Polytechnic in October, 1991, the institution existed as Zungeru College of Advanced Studies (ZUCAS) which came into being in January,

1977 located at a temporary site at Government College, Bida. ZUCAS was established by the Murtala/Obasanjo Military Administration primarily to remedy the imbalance in education development between the educationally disadvantaged and advantaged states. This goal was achieved vigorously

The introduction and implementation of the 6-3-3-4 new education policy which had no provision  for  advanced  level  education  attainment  necessitated  the  phasing  out  of  the

programmes of ZUCAS and subsequently its conversion to a state polytechnic by the Edict No 9 of 1991 in July 1997. The State Government formally merged College of Administrative and Business Studies (CABS), Bida with the Polytechnic through the enactment of the Niger State Polytechnic (Amendment) Edict 1991 and CABS, Bida (transfer of assets and liabilities edict

1997).

Job satisfaction in Niger state is confronted with the following challenges like nonpayment of salaries as at when due, no sponsorship to work shops and conferences, no good working library tools and so on. And this is the reason why the researcher wants to carry out this study in Niger state, to know what the causes are and to proffer solutions for enhancing the problem on ground.

Statement of the Problem

Academic librarians having the responsibilities of ensuring that the day to day activities of the libraries are carried out efficiently. It is therefore disheartening to know that the librarians sometimes exhibits some non-challant attitude attitudes ranging from lateness to work, abandonment of duties, and unfriendliness among their co-workers, the library users and even the community or the institutions in which they are serving. This gave rise to the reason why the researcher began to investigate why the librarians sometimes act the way they do. Does it mean that they are not satisfied with their jobs, or are their needs not been met in the libraries? Despite the importance of job satisfaction and the challenges posed by lack of it, no study has been carried out on it, (job satisfaction), the above justifies the need for this study, job satisfaction among academic librarians in Niger State. And to the best knowledge of the researcher, no research has been carried out on job satisfaction of academic librarians in Niger State.

Research findings  from various studies  have shown that  there are some relationship between job satisfaction and the various job dimensions such as pay, promotion, supervision, contingent rewards, benefits, communication, the work itself, the operational procedure in the

work place and interpersonal relationship (Spector, 1985). Job satisfaction creates positive attitude,   boosts   workers   morale,   which   results   in   improved   performance,   harmonious relationships with colleagues ant lots more. Employee satisfaction at the work place propels productivity. If the academic librarians like every other worker are not satisfied in their job, there will be less or no productivity.

Purpose of the Study

The  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  determine  the  job  satisfaction  among  librarians  in academic libraries in Niger State. The specific objectives are as follows:

1.   To ascertain the level of satisfaction found among the librarians in academic libraries in

Niger State.

2.   To ascertain the effects of job satisfaction as perceived by the librarians.

3.   To  identify  the  factors  responsible  for  job  satisfaction  or  dissatisfaction  among  the academic librarians.

4.   To ascertain the problems associated with job satisfaction among the librarians

5.   To determine the strategies for enhancing job satisfaction among the librarians academic.

Research Questions

The study was guided by the following research questions:

1.   What is the satisfaction level of librarians in academic libraries in Niger State?

2.   What are the effects of job satisfaction as perceived by the librarians?

3.   What are the factors responsible for job satisfaction or dissatisfaction among academic librarians?

4.   What are the problems associated with librarians job satisfaction?

5.   What are the strategies for encouraging motivation and for achieving job satisfaction in academic libraries?

Significance of the Study

The usefulness of this study on job satisfaction of librarians cannot be over emphasized. It is expected that this study would be useful to future researchers, library administrators and academic librarians in the following ways:

It will help fill the gap in the literature of job satisfaction in the academic libraries, as it would open more avenues for research into the subject of job satisfaction, particularly, in the field of library and information science. The study is expected to make recommendations for further research which are expected to increase the horizon of literature on academic librarians’ job satisfaction in Niger state and beyond. This is an area where researchers and writers have sparingly explored in Niger state.

The result of this study will help the academic library administrators to identify the reasons why the librarians are satisfied or dissatisfied with their jobs, and the recommendations proffered is expected to guide them in providing conducive working environment for the librarians, as this will not only contribute to their satisfaction but also for the benefit of the entire academic community, since a happy worker is a productive worker.

Academic librarians are products and an integral part of the academic community. The implementation of the recommendations that shall be made in this study is expected to encourage the library management or the parent institutions to provide to the librarians, favorable working environment and conditions to enhance their efficiency in carrying out their duties. It will also help to create awareness on the strategies for encouraging job satisfaction and staff motivation.

Scope of the Study

This research focused on job satisfaction among librarians in academic libraries in Niger State of Nigeria. This study is limited to the academic librarians in Niger State. The institutions to  be  covered  in  this  study  includes:  Federal  University  of  Technology,  Minna,  Ibrahim Badamasi  Babangida  University,  Lapai,  Federal  Polytechnic,  Bida,  Niger  state  polytechnic,
Zungeru, Federal College of Education, Kontagora, Niger state College of Education, Minna, School of Midwifery, Minna.


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JOB SATISFACTION AMONG LIBRARIANS IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN NIGER STATE NIGERIA

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