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ABSTRACT

This  Study  investigated  the  Digitization  of  Local  Content  Resources  in  Federal  University Libraries in South East, Nigeria. The Research was guided by eight Research Questions which bordered on the LCR Acquired for Digitization in Federal University Libraries in South East Nigeria, the Criteria for Selecting LCR for Digitization, the Infrastructural Facilities for Digitization, the Formats for Digitization of LCR, the Extent of Digitization of LCR in Federal University  Libraries,  the Extent  Digitization  of the  Resources  have  Increase  the use of the Resources, the Problems Affecting Digitization of LCR and the Suggested Strategies to Enhance the Digitization of LCR. A descriptive Survey Design was used to conduct the Research. The Population of the Study consisted of the five Federal University Libraries in the five States in South East. A Purposive Sampling Technique was used to select the number of respondents in the  three  Universities  used  for  the  Study.  The  Questionnaire,  Observation  Checklist  and Interview were used to collect data for the Study. Observation was done for Research Questions

1  and  3  which  were  on  the  LCR  Acquired  for  Digitization  and  on  the  Availability  and

Functionality of Infrastructural  Facilities  for Digitization.  Interview  was conducted  on the 8

Research  Questions. Data from the Questionnaire  was Analyzed  using Frequency mean and percentages, Data from the Observation was Analyzed using Frequencies while essay/narratives were  used  to  Analyze  Data  from  the  Interview.  The  findings  from  the  Study revealed  that Unsteady  Power  Supply,  Inadequate/Low  Bandwidth  of  Internet  Access,  Unqualified  and Unskilled Staff, Copyright Issue, and Inadequate Fund were the major Problems Affecting Digitization of Local Content Resources. Based on the findings, the following Recommendations were made: Steady power supply should be ensured by keeping a sound generator set stand by or using solar energy power supply; Provision of reliable internet and internet access to ensure easy and speedy retrieval of library resources; Installation of strong anti-virus programs in the systems to guard against virus from attacking the files; deployment of more qualified staff and their training and  re-training to  keep  them informed  of the new technological  trends; appropriate authorities should develop copyright policy for the local content resources, to encourage authors to willingly submit their work for digitization; authorities concerned should ensure that adequate fund is made readily available before commencing the project. They should also seek for grants from  available  donors  or  advertise  for  individual  or co-operate  sponsorship;  finally,  library administrators should set up editorial and monitoring team. The editorial team should edit the works selected for digitization and ensure that they are good enough to be uploaded in the net. The monitoring teams on the other hand should supervise each stage of the digitization process to ensure that it is properly done.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

University libraries are those libraries found in universities such as Federal Universities, State  Universities  and  Private  Universities.  They  are  established  and  maintained  by  the institution to aid in achieving her primary aim of teaching, learning and research. The university library is the pillar of academic excellence.   Mole (2007) opined that   the university library constitute  the heart beat of any institution, they are the bed rock upon which any academic institution of high learning is built in order to achieve her primary goal of teaching, learning, research and community services. To him the aim of any university library is to satisfy the general need of the academic community users.

This implies therefore that the prime objectives of the university library is to meet the academic needs of the parent institution for which it was established. The libary achieves this by aiding in the studies of the students and assisting the teachers in their teaching and research.  One cannot  expect  an  excellent  academic  programms  in  any  educational  institution  without  the support of a well equipped library. The university libraries are the hub from which all intellectual activities radiate to all academic  and research programmes. The university libraries not only support research by stocking information of all materials but also by providing adequate bibliographic   guide   to   literature,   subject   bibliogrphies,   abstract   and   indexing   jourmals, directories of research completed or in progress. Apart from the aformentioned objectives, Edoka (2000) posits that the university library seeks to provide information for research, recreation and for personal self-development of users, to provide study accomodation  in a useful variety of

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location,  to  provide  protection  and  security  for  those  information  resources,  to  provide specialized information services to appropriate segment of the wider community.

On the other hand, according to Aina (2004), a university library is expected to provide information  resources  for  the  purpose  of  extra-mural  studies,  recreation,  entertainment  and general knowledge.   But then, generally, university libraries help in manpower development; they supply the country the manpower needed in skilled occupations by developing its human resources. The human  resources participate  in policy programmes  and  formulation  and  also participate in planning, organising of curriculum development and structured transfer of learning and learning process (Ifidon, 1985).

The university libraries are   commited to offer services such as public services which include circulation  and  borrowing,  course  reserves   and  interlibrary  loan; technical  services which  include  acquisition  and  collection  management,  System  department  and  cataloguing, library instruction and information literacy, photocoping, Binding, consultancys digital or online Services and so on. The university library is rich with information resources such as: Reference materials  which  include:  encyclopedias,  dictionaries,  directories,  atlases,  maps,  guides  to literature, abstracts, indexes, etc. Monographs, Serials such as Journal publications, newspapers, magazines and other periodic publications. Africana publications, these are books written by Africans or about Africa or Africans. For instance in Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria Nsukka, there are some Africana publications like Biafrana and Achebiana. The Biafrana documents treat in details everything about Biafrans and the Biafra war. Also, documents like Achebiana deal with stories about late Prof Chinua Achebe and some documents written by him. Among the resources in the university libraries are the United Nations documents which include resources from WHO, UNESCO, UNO, FAO, government reports, statistical records from the

federal, state and local government, etc. Others resources found in the university libraries include staff  and  students  publications  otherwise  known  as  local  content  resources  (LCR).  These resources are locally generated and adapted works by the institution such as projects; theses; dissertations;  inaugural  lectures; conference  proceedings; seminar papers; student’s industrial attachment reports; ceremonial reports; departmental/faculty journals; handbooks; and so on.

Local contents resources (LCR) are scholarly publications with very important research contents.  They  are  collections  of  bibliographic  materials  originating  from  a  community  or society. The International Institute for Communication  and Development  as cited in Salawu, (2010) defined local contents as the expression and communication of a community’s locally owned  and adapted  knowledge  and experience  that is relevant  to the community’s  situation where the community is defined by its location, culture, language or area of interest. According to Salawu (2010), local content is information in any format or distributed media originating from  a  community  or  adapted  by  it.  Local  contents  contain  ideas,  projects,  innovations, challenges, cultures and arts of the communities that produce them.

In the same vein, Ballantyne (2002) defined local contents as “using information communication technologies (ICTs) to create, adapt and exchange local information, the content of a community.”    According  to him, it includes global content that has been  transformed, adapted and assimilated into the community’s knowledge base. Stressing this point, he further explained that local content can be exchanged and shared, locally or globally, in various format and media. Local contents in Nigeria have their origin from the intention of the Federal Government to indigenize the oil and gas Sector as much as possible (Ezema, 2013). Adebayo (2009) as cited in Ezema (2013) pointed out that this policy was aimed at arresting the huge

capital flight that is usually associated with the award of contract to foreign firms. He stressed that such policy was intended to ensure the development of human capital.

These  resources  provide  detailed  and  up  to  date  information  on  activities  of  the institution. They differ from institution to institution. Local Content Resources are in form of pre print papers, manuscripts, grey literature etc and they are minimal in number with most of them dumped in the departmental libraries or in individual offices collecting dust. Some are processed and preserved in the libraries using traditional manual methods of shelving, most times they are bond together in volumes. They are more of reference resources, users are not allowed to borrow or photocopy them rather they are mainly for consultation.

Local  content   resources   allow   for  the  preservation   and   diffusion   of  indigenous knowledge. It is a tool for documenting, preserving and disseminating of indigenous knowledge most especially in the area of health and medicine, which is being referred to as alternative medicine. Local content is a key factor for national  cultural  development.  For instance, to Nigerians  in  the  Diaspora,  access  to  local  content  resources  means  access  to  valuable information  to  meet  their  needs,  in  addition  to  facilitating  communication  and  interaction among them, as a platform for information dissemination and consequent sharing of ideas, and experiences.  The  local  content  of  an  institution  plays  critical  role  in  the  assessment  of intellectual  and  cultural  growth  of any  community,  especially,  in  the developing  countries where knowledge production and dissemination is considered low.

Digitization of local content resources on the other hand could be seen as the use of innovative ways (e.g. ICTs and media) to convert, express, access and exchange local knowledge (in  machine  readable  form)  in  both  local  and  foreign  languages  thereby  increasing  the

accessibility of the information/knowledge for both the community and the people outside the community, thereby enhancing respect for local culture and identity (Akinde 2007).

The digitization of cultural and literary heritage materials is commanding considerable popularity  internationally  and  countries’  input to  the Global  Information  Infrastructure  (GII) grows by the second. In Nigeria, there are as yet very few digitization projects and as such Nigeria’s input in the Global Super Highway remains negligible. It is also a well-known fact that the process of digitization  is littered  with pitfalls, traps and abandoned projects (Alegbeleye

2005). He went further and stated that for the digitization of local content resources in Nigerian university communities, the library and information centers of the universities must be at work. This will require substantial investment in infrastructure and technology.

The  local  contents  that  are  being  generated  daily  needs  proper  management  and publication  through  digitization  by  Nigerian  university  libraries  to  improve  their  global visibility and impact. Despite this global call to digitize library resources, studies have shown that Nigeria libraries especially South East university library are very slow to digitize their local contents. A concrete evidence is an observation made by Fatoki (2007), as cited in Tritt (2010), that digitization efforts in Nigeria (and Africa as a whole) is at an insignificant level. Backing this assertion is the observation made by Iwhiuhu and Eyekpegha (2009), which shows that only few universities out of over one hundred universities in Nigeria are making effort at digitizing their local content resources. To this effect, efforts have to be made by Nigerian university libraries to digitize their resources especially their local content resources as this will enhance the globalization of Nigerian’s research publications. Digitization of these local contents to a large  extent adds  to  the international prestige of the institution. Watson  (2007) as cited  in Adebayo  (2010)  points  out  that  digitization  enhances  the  reputation  and  visibility  of  an

organization,  showcasing  the  intellectual  quality  of  an  institution  and  removes  delay  in publishing of a material.

Digitization as a method of preservation is a new global phenomena and the new trend in managing library information resources. The term digitization has been variously defined by different authors. Ezeani and Ezema (2009) defined digitization as the creation of multi-media databases enhanced by digital information and thus offering easy access to cultural and scientific heritage for large population of users. According to Okwara (2010) digitization is not just the act of scanning a print document into digital form but a series of activities that result in a digital copy being made available to end user via the internet or other means for a sustained length of time. Digitization implies conversion of documents and art works into digital images (Fabunmi,

& Paris Fabumi, 2006).

Digitization holds great promise for preservation of materials, global access of resources, and visibility of Nigerian libraries and institution. On the other hand, (De Gracia, 2009) opines that other benefits of digitization include: increased access to information, enhanced quality of access to information, expanded search and browsing options, decrease in cost, improved preservation.  However, it is obvious that digitization  of local contents not only provide or promote access to information for the end user, but it also enhances the status of the institution engaged in the initiative at the global level.

In libraries, digitization is the process of taking traditional library materials, typically in the form of books and papers, and converting them to electronic form where they can be stored and manipulated by a computer. Digitization in libraries is usually initiated for increased access to library materials and preservation of library materials. It is a powerful way to expand access to the collections that enables their wide use for research, education, leisure, tourism and other

purposes.  In  many  cases,  digitization  assists  preservation  of originals  or  becomes  the only method  to  safeguard  fragile  materials  (e.g.  newspapers)  for  future  generations.  Digitization allows preservation of rare, fragile, and unique materials.

Apart from these, digitization in libraries is used as a reformatting method for paper- based library materials and it can bring many benefits to libraries (Witten and Bainbridge, 2003). Digitization of library materials, processes and institutions also helps in opening a promising role for these institutions and raise new issues and increase the profile of libraries and increased accessibility, functionality, output capability to other media, systematic and purposeful collaboration,  identification   and  selection  of  materials,  expanded  scope  for  preservation activities;  ability  to  capture  and  display  a  broad  array  of  materials  with  features  and characteristics that are not easily reformatted using other technologies.

Digitization by implication therefore can address the conversion needs of other types of media beyond paper-based printed materials (e.g. audio, film, video) and can allow collections containing a wide variety of formats to be presented  and seamlessly accessed  from a single interface.

According to the IFLA guidelines on digitization (IFLA, 2002), as quoted by Akinde (2007)  hardware and software are required for the digitization process as a result of its roles in saving  the texts or images captured either by a scanner or a digital camera and to publish the finished work to the Web or on CD-ROMs. A computer will require the following capabilities for  digitization:  a  fast  processor,  a  higher  Random  Access  Memory(RAM),  Monitor  (21″ monitor  preferable),  a  large  Hard  disk drive,  CD-ROM  Writer,  Scanners,  digital/film/video cameras, laser printer, power management unit, software, and internet connectivity.

The increase in Nigerian content on the web will enable more meaningful and fruitful researches  to be conducted through  access to relevant data and literature all over the world. Nigerian libraries will therefore be able to communicate more professionally with colleagues in other parts of the globe. The choice and deployment of appropriate software will particularly bring contents  together and  provide  a common  platform  for the  exchange  of knowledge  in today’s knowledge society. It also enhances the life-span of records as well as security data and records which would have been obliterated due to their age. Digital contents can easily be sieved, isolated and used without distorting the data structure.

As the Internet today presents a global information environment, digitization of local content resources has become  a global issue. According  to Hull (2001), in the twenty-first century, the role of librarians will be facilitating access to information resources rather than acting as custodians of human knowledge. Revolution technologies have really compressed the world into a global village and these have made the digitization of an institution’s local content resources more important than ever. It helps to announce and improve the research visibility of an institution and country and as well promote the impact of the authors.

Certain criteria have been adopted for the selection of local content resources for digitization. There are many local content resources that need to be digitized. De Stefano (2001) noted that there were different purposes for digitization. She highlighted the types of materials selected must meet the purpose, selection to enhance access, selection based on content and selection   for  preservation.   Gertz   (2000)   outlined   that   when   considering   materials   for digitization,  first  will  be physical  condition  of the materials,  followed  by access,  value  of content,   the   demand   for   the   materials,   the   intellectual   property   rights,   the   required infrastructure,  cost  and  sources  of  funding.  These  are  the  necessary  things  which  every

university library should consider, or make plans for, before embarking on any digitization project that is expected to succeed.

Digitization of takes different formats depending on the nature of the resources. The following are some formats for digitizing library resources.

Still images: Joint Photographic Experts Group/JPEG File Interchange Format (JPG/JFIF) is  a  popular  file  format  for  storing  raster  image  data.  JFIF  is  the  file  format;  JPG  is  the compression method JPG/JFIF is specified in the JPEG File Interchange Format and JPEG (ISO

10918). Currently, the Photographic Imaging, Microfilm and Textual Preservation Lab is using JPEG/JFIF (as well as TIFF) for most distribution files. JPEG files are well-suited for online access and use and are compressed for faster online transmission.

TIFF Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a popular format for storing raster image data and is specified in TIFF Revision 6.0 from Adobe Systems. Additional information about the TIFF file format can be found at the Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress. Currently, the Photographic Imaging, Microfilm and Textual Preservation Lab is using the TIFF file format for both preservation master and most reproduction master files. The TIFF file format is a stable, well-documented, widely adopted, uncompressed file format widely used for master files in the digital imaging community.

Portable Document Format: (PDF) is a popular format for storing many types of data including raster images. There are several subtypes of PDF including PDF-A. Additional information about the PDF format can be found at the Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress.

Audio File: An audio recording produced from original analog or digital audio formats that  have  been  encoded  using  linear  Pulse  Code  Modulation  (PCM).  For  audio  files,  it  is important to distinguish between a file format and a codec. A codec performs the encoding and decoding of the raw audio data while the data itself is stored in a specific audio file format, such as  Broadcast  WAV  (.wav).  Sampling  frequency,  bit-depth,  and  monophonic  or  stereo,  for example, are important characteristics of audio files. WAV: Waveform: The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the WAV file format. MP3: The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the MP3 file format.

Video file: A moving image recording with synched audio produced from either original analog or digital video formats. Pixel array, frame rate per second, aspect ratio, bit rate, field order, color space, and standard or high definition, for example, are important characteristics of video files. MOV: QuickTime: The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the QuickTime file format. AVI: Audio Video Interleaved: The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the AVI file format. MXF: Material Exchange Format: The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the MXF file format. WMV: Windows Media  File: The  Sustainability  of Digital  Formats  site  at the  Library  of Congress  contains information   about   the   WMV   file   format.   MPEG-2   4:2:2   Profile,   Main   Level:   The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the MPEG-2   4:2:2   Profile,   Main   Level   format.MPEG-2   Main   Profile,   Main   Level:   The Sustainability of Digital Formats site at the Library of Congress contains information about the MPEG-2 Main Profile, Main Level format.

Motion Picture  File: A high-resolution  moving image recording, often with synched audio, produced from either original physical or digital formats. Bit-depth, pixel array, frame rate per second, and color encoding, for example, are important characteristics of motion picture files. DPX: Digital Moving-Picture Exchange: The DPX file format or Digital Moving-Picture Exchange is specified in SMPTE 268M-1994 and is a pixel-based (raster) image format in which each content frame is a separate data file linked by metadata to play in the correct sequence. DCP: Digital Cinema Package:  A DCP or Digital Cinema Package is a collection of digital files used to store and convey digital cinema audio, image and data streams. https://www.archives.gov/preservation/products/definitions/filetypes.html

Most Nigerian university libraries such as the University of Jos, (UNIJOS), University of Ibadan   (UI),   Obafemi   Awolowo   University   (OAU),   Ife,   University   of   Port   Harcourt (UNIPORT), Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), Nnamdi Azikiwe University, (UNIZIK), Awka, etc have started digitizating their local contents resources though, at a very low speed to compare to those in the developed countries this is because they are faced with   various challenges of uploading their local content and cultural heritage on the internet in order to make a positive impact on the Global Information Infrastructure (GII).  The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) indicated that surveys have shown that Africa generates only 0.4% of the global content (UNECA, 1999). In Nigeria,  digitization  project is still in  its rudimentary  stage  and  abysmally low; to  some libraries, it is still a mirage. The result of the research carried out by Usman (2007) revealed that Nigerian universities  are lagging behind  in the pace of digitization of their question  papers, theses and dissertations, mainly because the average Nigerian university libraries have not yet

embraced the idea of electronic library in the digital age. Greater number of them has aligned to the current wave of digitizing their LCR, while the rest are yet to join.

In UNN, the digitization project commenced in 2008 with the aim of preserving their resources and increasing the university’s web visibility. The publications date from 1980 to date. Many fields of science are represented,  with an emphasis on all the courses offered by the University. Digitization of these resources is expected to improve the image of the university in the long run, and also add to the webometric ranking of the university among the top universities in the world. Eke (2011).

Statement of the Problem

The research output from Nigerian universities are increasing by the day, resulting from high  number  of  publications  coming  from  both  academic  and  non  academic  staff  of  the universities,  undergraduate  and postgraduate  students, who are expected  to produce research works at the end of their programs and many other research output originating within and around the  institutions.  These  resources  are  very  important,  unique  and  distinctive  part  of  library resources which are highly valued by the users. They are in the real sense of it the representatives of the people’s heritage. Local content resources LCR are not only relevant to African scholar but also to other researchers across the globe. The realities of the information age emanating from  globalization  have  made  digitization  of local  content  resources  generated  in  Nigerian universities a matter that requires prompt attention. Despite this global call to digitize the LCR, it has been observed that Nigeria university libraries are very slow in answering this call. Most of the resources are poorly managed, organized and indexed, and as such are not published while some are published only in local journals with minimal circulation and poor distribution. Since most of these local journals are neither indexed/abstracted by international indexing agencies nor

are they captured in database; their global visibility and accessibility are poor even when these journal contain quality papers.

Nevertheless, it is obvious that certain factors could be responsible for this low response by federal university  libraries  towards  the call for digitization  of their LCR.  It is  therefore pertinent to unravel these  factors  and come up with necessary strategies  to overcome  them. Hence, the need for this research  work which is designed  to  study the digitization of local content resources in federal university libraries in South East Nigeria.

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of this study is to examine the digitization of (LCR) in federal university libraries in South East states of Nigeria. Specifically, the study intends to:

1.   Identify the local content resources acquired for digitization in federal university libraries in South East Nigeria.

2.   Ascertain the criteria for selection of LCR for digitization in federal university libraries.

3.   To identify the availability and functionality of infrastructural facilities and software for digitization of (LCR) in the federal university libraries.

4.   Determine the format for digitization of LCR in federal university libraries.

5.   Ascertain  the  extent  of digitization  of local  content  resources  in  South  East  federal university libraries.

6.   Determine the extent to which the digitization of LCR enhances the use of the resources.

7.   Identify problems affecting the digitization of the local content resources in the libraries.

8.   To determine strategies for enhancing the digitization of (LCR) in the libraries.

Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study.

1.   What  are  the  local  content  resources  acquired  for  digitization  in  federal  university libraries in South East Nigeria?

2.   What are the criteria for selecting LCR for digitization in federal university libraries in south east Nigeria?

3.   What  are  the  infrastructural  facilities  and  software  available  for digitization  of local content resources?

4.   What are the formats for digitization of LCR in federal university libraries?

5.   What is the extent of digitization of local content resources in federal university libraries in South East Nigeria?

6.   To which extent does the digitization of local content resources enhance the use of the resources?

7.   What are the problems affecting the digitization of the local content resources in the libraries?

8.   What  are  the strategies  to  enhance  the digitization  of local content  resources  in  the libraries?

Significance of the Study

The findings from this study are expected to be of benefit to the following: students at all levels, researchers, librarians, institutions, governments and many others

Students will find the research worthwhile as it will be a strong source of literature for their constant search and quest for information especially in such a novel area as local content

resources. More so, in a 21st century digitally compliant and aggressive environment, students will have access to wide range of digitized local content resources.

Researchers are expected to benefit from this study because from any part of the world, they can access resources like records of civilization especially archival documents, artifacts, ancient antiquities which are very valuable for researchers especially those who have some kind of inclination to local content resources.

The findings of this study are expected to be of benefit to librarians, the custodians of knowledge in their onerous efforts of preserving and disseminating this special nature of information especially in digital forms and especially as the library all over the world aligns to the current wave of digitization of its resources. This will enable them realize the state of local content resources in the South East federal university libraries and the factors that affect the digitization of the resources. This will, enhance the organization, management and dissemination of this knowledge  facet, and integrating  them  into international  fora that will determine  the contribution of these institutions to global archive of knowledge.

The study will reveal to the institutions especially universities the extent to which the digitization  of local  content  resources  enhances  the  use  of  the  resources.  This  will  enable information professionals in these institutions in the evaluation processes to determine the impact created through digitization of the local content resources in the global community. This research is strategically significant to the Information professionals as they are expected to adjust daily, understand  and  come  to  terms  with  the problems  affecting  the digitization  of local  content resources in  the libraries and  the possible strategies suggested  to improving the situation  in recent times.

The findings of this study are expected  to be of benefit to  governments  and  related agencies  and parastatals  who  will in  no  small measure  gain from the wealth  of knowledge obtained from this study, which according to Salawu (2010), plays role in “African renaissance”. For instance, creation of cultural  awareness  through  such strategic  ministries  as culture  and tourism as well as national orientation in minimizing outward migration, reduce the incidence of brain-drain in our schools among others. The university administrators and the government are expected to appreciate the effort of the information professionals and as such encourage them, through financial assistance to facilitate the digitization project.

Furthermore the findings of this work are expected to be of benefit to the government because it will motivate them to formulating policies that will guide indexing and abstracting of the local content resources of the university libraries so as to ensure its global visibility. It is believed that the findings of this study will add values to the number of research works in the area of digitization of local content resources.

Scope of the Study

The content scope of this study is limited to the digitization of local content resources, the local content acquired by the university libraries; the criteria for selecting LCR for digitization; infrastructural facilities and formats for digitization; extent of digitization of LCR in the libraries under  study;  factors  that  facilitate  the  digitization  and  the  benefits  of digitization  of LCR; challenges and strategies for effective digitization of LCR. The study focuses on five federal universities in South East States of Nigeria, namely: Enugu, Anambra, Abia, Imo and Ebonyi. The population covers staff in the digitization units of the aforementioned universities.


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DIGITIZATION OF LOCAL CONTENT RESOURCES IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA

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